воскресенье, 30 октября 2011 г.

Education in Britain

 In England and Wales compulsory school begins at the age of five, but before that age children can go to a nursery school, also called play school. School is compulsory till the children are 16 years old.
   
In Primary School and First School children learn to read and write and the basis of arithmetic. In the higher classes of Primary School (or in Middle School) children learn geography, history, religion and, in some schools, a foreign language. Then children go to the Secondary School. 
   When students are 16 
years old they may take an exam in various subjects in order to have a qualification. These qualifications can be either G.C.S.E. (General Certificate of Secondary Education) or "O level" (Ordinary level). After that students can either leave school and start working or continue their studies in the same school as before. If they continue, when they are 18, they have to take further examinations which are necessary for getting into university or college.
  
  Some parents choose private schools for their children. They are very expensive but considered to provide a better education and good job opportunities.
   
In England there are 47 universities, including the Open University which teaches via TV and radio, about 400 colleges and institutes of higher education. The oldest universities in England are Oxford and Cambridge. Generally, universities award two kinds of degrees: the Bachelor's degree and the Master's degree.

Education in Ukraine

Education in Ukraine is given great attention by the government and a large number of facilities and institutions exist for the purpose of educating the population.  
The system of education in Ukraine extends right from pre-school to higher education.
Ukraine's educational legislation places great importance on pre-school eduction. This early form of education is to be cared for by the family or through a pre-school institution. A variety of institutions are available for this level of education in Ukraine and include day care centers, kindergartens and special facilities for disabled children. Provision is also made for orphans.
Elementary school education in Ukraine forms the foundation of a child's schooling career. Ukraine's Law on Education states that provision of elementary schools must be made wherever there are students. Elementary or primary education acts to develop children's personalities, talents, formation of morals, working education as well as knowledge of the human body, nature, industry and society. This level of education is compulsory in Ukraine and is available at various types of institutions. Students begin secondary comprehensive schooling at the age of 6 or 7 years.
Basic school also falls under the secondary education system in Ukraine. This is the students' last level of formal basic education. This level of education provides the link to continuous education systems. It is compulsory to attend basic school for five years. Formal basic education is completed between the ages of 14 and 16 years. On completion of basic schooling the student will receive a certificate allowing them to continue on to upper secondary school as well as certain higher education institutions.
Ukraine has a very well-developed higher education system. Higher education is provided by higher education establishments, private bodies and scientific and methodological facilities of the government. This system also encompasses post-graduate programs and Ph.D's as well as self-education. The levels of accreditation depend on the Higher Education Institutes' status. Level one includes vocational schools and the like who train junior specialists. Level two are colleges and similar organizations who teach bachelors. Level three is made up of universities, institutes, academies and conservatories which provide education for bachelors and specialists. Level four includes universities, conservatories, institutes and academies which educate bachelors, specialists and masters.
It is evident that the system of education in Ukraine has been well-developed and opportunities exist for the entire population, even those living in the rural areas.

Education in our life

Education plays a very important role in our life. It is one of the most valuable possessions a man can get in his life.
During all the periods of human history education ranked high among people. Human progress mostly depended upon well-educated people. We get our knowledge of this world and life through education. Many famous discoveries would have been impossible if people were not interested in learning something. Self-education is very important for the development of human’s talents. Only through self-education a person can become a harmonically developed personality.
A person becomes a highly qualified specialist after getting some special education. And professionalism can be reached only through it. Even highly qualified specialists from time to time attend refresher courses to refresh their knowledge.
Education develops all sides of human personality, reveals his abilities. Besides, it helps a person to understand himself, to choose the right way in this world. The civilized state differs from others in the fact that it pays much attention to the educational policy. John Kennedy said: “Our progress as a nation can be no swifter than our progress in education”. But it doesn’t concern only one particular nation. We know that science and art belong to the whole world. Before them the barriers of nationality disappear. So education brings people closer to each other, helps them to understand each other better.

Unit 1

Exercise 9
Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Well. I admit your refusal. Anyway I’m glad we met. I hope, you’ll take a rain check. 2. I didn’t hope to find Johnny at home this time anyway. 3. Not try to have her work for you. Anyway, she’ll do everything you ask.

1. Finally Jass had Ray employ him. 2. Till I wear the breeches I have you all do as I tell you! 3. This is no fault of mine you can’t understand me, but I will have you listen to common sense. Wednesday Mrs. Higgins received guests and Mr. Higgins had he invite Elise. 1. Now that your exams are all over you can become a real lawyer. 2. Now that Tom have convinced everyone Simon was innocent we have to find the true criminal. 3. Now that Pamela didn’t worry what people spoke of her they stopped gossiping about her.

Exercise 11
Complete the following sentences, using the phrases and word combinations: 
1. If you are smart enough to cheat in this exam then you are an intelligent but very lazy person. 
2. Tick the names off on the list, please .
3. I hate swotting up before exams I fail to learn everything off. 
4. Keep an eye open for this scamp. 
5. Young teachers have always mark and grade the papers. 
6. The results of the written test will come out tomorrow . 
7. None adopted such an attitude towards people. 
8. He get through. 
9. He's just the sort of person that can always cut you short. 
10. Ann rallied her thoughts. 
11. The chairperson called out the names of the students who had managed their graduation thesis. 
12. Never raise your voice during the lesson. 

Exercise 13
Translate the following sentences into English, using the phrases and word combinations:

1. Everyone persuaded him to cheat in exams, but he stood his ground in his will to get through by himself. 
2. Practical Diana looked through the guest list for the farewell dinner and ticked off the people she didn’t consider necessary to invite. 
3. Mike, did you really swotted up before exams? I never believe you are able to do it.
4. Keep an eye open for this fellow, please, he is capable of cheating in exams. 
5. Usually, it takes a week to mark and grade examination papers at college.
6. The results of interlocution come out in a week. 
7. Dorothy rallied her thoughts, assumed a severe air and opened the board meeting.
8. He managed to get through, even if he pushed for time for swotting up medical terms.
 9. Chester began to explain the situation, but Ray cut him short. 
10. The tutor call out names of participants and they stood out. 
11. He never rose his voice at his people, but they were ready to comply any his request.
Exercise14
Explain what is meant by: 
1. Examinations touch off his fighting spirit. Экзамены вызывают боевой настрой. 
2. A single invigilator sat on a raised platform to keep an eye open for flagrant cheating. Единственный надсмотрщик сидел на возвышении чтобы предотвратить вопиющее жульничество.
 3.... hoping by an incomplete sentence to give the examiners the impression of frustrated brilliance. Надеясь незаконченным предложением внушить экзаменаторам ощущение сорванного блеска подавленной гениальности. 
4. Confu-sion breeds confusion and he will come to the end of his interrogation struggling like a cow in a bog. Замешательство порождает замешательство и он завязнет к концу своего опроса как корова в трясине. 
5. "It's the same idea as talking about passing away and going above instead of plain dying." «Это то же самое, что говорить о смерти и преодолеть , вместо того чтоб просто ум ереть». 

Exercise 2A
Translate the following sentences into Russian: A
1. «Ты слишком много суетишься из-за меня, не беспокойся», сказал он с улыбкой, пытаясь скрыть раздражение.
    2. Я редко видел его таким. Он, кажется, в самом деле злится на меня из-за того, что я задал ему этот вопрос.
    3. Его раздражал тот способ, которым она пыталась главенствовать/(держать верх) на вс?м собрании/заседании.
    4. Я хочу, чтобы вы, леди Виллард, выяснили для меня точно, сколько тут газетных сплетен/уток, и как много, можно сказать, основано на фактах.
    5.  Продолжая болтать, женщина, бегая туда-сюда, в то время как накрывала на стол. На близлежащем дереве трещала белка.
    6. Шум/жужжание/визг старых компьютерных! принтеров сразу вызвал у меня головную боль.
    7. Тогда лихорадка подступила снова напала и его зубы застучали.
    8. Друзья его ободрили, когда он почти готов был сдаться.
    9. Никто не мог удержаться, чтобы не поаплодировать вердикту «невиновен».
    «Ну увидимся сегодня вечером. Поздравляю!» -- сказал я и положил телефонную трубку.
    10. Аплодисменты толпы слышно за две мили от футбольного поля.
    11. Он одарил меня радостным приветствием.
    12. Его энергичное/живое принятие/признание обязательств ободрило всех нас.
    13. Ты никогда не сможешь быть несчастливой в таком светлом доме.
    14. В камине горел яркий огонь.
    15. «Это соревнование не по борьбе, не состязание в силе» – сказал он.
    16. Она отстаивала пять из семи титулов.
    17. Между администрацией и профсоюзами всегда есть противоборство.
    18. Она победила во множестве танцевальных конкурсов.
    19. Теперь семь атлетов отчаянно пытаются выиграт чемпионат.
    20. На сегодняшнюю вечернюю викторину съехались участники со всей страны для борьбы за титул «Супермозга».
    21. Борьба за лидерство в партии набирает обороты.
    22. Он дошeл до серьeзной депрессии, и до мысли о самоубийстве и обратился за срочной психотерапией.
    23. Она выплыла из моря озябшей, но оживл?нной и энергично вытерлась полотенцем.
    24. Метод такого всестороннего обучения должен выдвинуть спорные вопросы, которые появились в жизни университета в 1960-м году.
    25. Президент вышел из скандала незапятнанным?
    26. Он, казалось, выходил из задумчивости.
    27. Его профессиональное воспитание дало ей возможность действовать быстро и решительно, когда она столкнулась лицом к лицу с опасностью.
    28. Моя жена была вынуждена вскрыть консервы, которые мы хранили на крайний случай.
    29. Выяснилось, что между двумя компаниями шли полным ходом секретные переговоры.

    Exercise 2B
    1. Он хотел, чтобы его оставили в покое, чтобы продолжать заниматься своими делами. 
    2. Его новая книга продвигалась хорошо.
    3. Завтрак прибыл, и он побежал на него, как голодный беженец. 
    4. Я буду стараться руководствоваться разумом, насколько это возможно. Мне очень жаль, сударыня, но мы должны руководствоваться правилами. 
    5. "Я думаю, что мо? представление приняли хорошо, ты как думаешь?"
    6. Несмотря на низкие оценки критиков, фильм имел огромный коммерческий успех. 
    7. Я бы не хотел обсуждать это в данный момент. 
    8. Не подписывайте ничего, пока вы не просмотрели это тщательно. 
    9. Поменьше налегай на соль, это вредно для твоего сердца. 
    10. Некоторые шутки распространяются с каждым годом. 
    11. Я могу выпить стакан воды, чтобы запить/проглотить эти таблетки? 
    12. Они смотрели с минуту на едва появляющуюся зелень на ветвях на фоне неба. 
    13. Хотя был сырой мартовский день, с признаками надвигающегося в тумане сумерек, о окно у него было открыто настежь.
     14. Я вежливо кашлянул, когда она зажигала сигарету , но она не поняла намeк. 
    15. В соусе только капелька коньяка, так что я не думаю, что вы опьянеете. 
    16. Это была большая комната с низким потолком, с грохочущими машинами, за которыми работали люди в белых жилетах и синих передниках. 
    17. Драет громко хвастался о своих недавних победах и Герствуд становился все больше и больше возмущeнным. 
    18. Тихие неторопливые шаги приближающиеся к двери испугали меня. 
    19. Казалось, она была напугана моим присутствием/вопросом.
    20. Я поймал такси, в котором гремело вниз по дороге. 
    21. Он остался один, за исключением Рейчел, гремящей кастрюлями на кухне. 
    22. Доведeнный до крайней нищеты, попрошайничая, иногда голодая, иногда ночуя в парках, Герствуд признался себе, игра проиграна.23. Департамент образования пригрозил директору сокращением персонала, что значило больше работы и снижения зарплаты оставшимся учителям и ему самому.
    24. Каждый дом в этом районе превратился в руины. 
    25. Капитан был разжалован в солдаты за его позорный поступок. 
    26. Подрядчик снизил свою цену с 60 до 40 тысяч долларов. 
    27. Г-н Лам возмутился этими узурпациями/вмешательствами и сократил их до минимума.
    28. Они были вынуждены продать автомобиль, чтобы оплатить счет за телефон.
    29. Они добились существенного сокращения затрат на рабочую силу.
    30. В, конце интервью Мартин был довед?н до почти безмолвного бешенства.

    Exercise 3 
    Give the equivalents for:

    досаждать кому-л. до смерти - to annoy smb. to death; 
    наскучить, надоедать -  to annoy (worry, harass, plague, pester, tease);
     было досадно (неприятно) - it was annoying; 
    недовольный голос - annoyed voice;
     раздраженный тон - annoyed tone; 
    стучать зубами - to chatter; 
    болтуны - chatterboxes; 
    щебетанье птиц - chatter of the birds; 
    радостные мысли - cheerful thoughts; 
    веселое лицо - cheerful face; 
    веселая комната - cheerful room; 
    яркий, светлый день - cheerful day; 
    бодрое настроение - cheerful spirit; 
    жизнерадостный человек - cheerful man; 
    приятная беседа - cheerful chat;
     веселье,оживление - cheer; 
     возгласы одобрения - cheers; 
    поддержка, утешение - cheer; 
    аплодисменты - cheers;
    спор, состязание, борьба - contest; 
    международное соревнование - international contest; 
    музыкальный конкурс - musical contest; 
    бороться за каждую пядь земли - to contest every inch of one's land;
     соперничать - to contest; 
    добиваться избрания в парламент - to contes; 
    внезапно появиться - to emerge; 
    неприкосновенный запас -  emergency; 
    запасной выход - emergency escape;
     стоп-кран - emergency brake;
    крайняя необходимость - emergency; 
    критическое положение - emergency;
     вынужденная посадка - emergency landing; 
    чрезвычайные меры - emergency measure; 
    чрезвычайное положение - case of emergency; 
    непредвиденный случай - emergency; 
    спасательная шлюпка - emergency boat;
     чрезвычайные полномочия - emergency powers; 
    расхаживать - to go about; 
    продолжать - go along; 
    предшествовать - go before; 
    пересматривать - to go behind to; 
    проанализировать заново - to go behind to; 
    посредник  - go-between;
     пасть, быть побежденным - go down; 
    оставаться в век ах  - to go on for ages;
     быть принятым, одобренным (кем-л.) - to go down;
      бросаться, нападать на кого-то - to go at; 
    возвращаться к чему-л. - to go back to smth.; 
    основывать свое мнение на чeм-л. -  to go by; 
    платить (за обед) поровну, (пополам) - go halves; 
    продать дешево (даром) - to go for nothing; 
    нравиться (о чем-то) - to go for; 
    потерять сознание - to go off; 
    просмотреть что-л. (бегло ознакомиться) - to go over;
     слегка намекнуть - to drop a hint ;
     прозрачно намекнуть - to give a person a gentle hint, 
    намекать на что-л. - to hint at; 
    грубо намекнуть - to give a person a broad hint; 
    быть признаком (надвигающейся грозы) - to give a hint of a coming storm;
     трещать, грохотать, греметь - to rattle; 
    барабанить (о дожде) - to rattle; 
    болтать, трещать, говорить без умолку  - to rattle away/on;
     мчаться с грохотом - to rattle past/along; 
    отбарабанить урок - to rattle off one's lesson; 
    погремушка - rattle; 
    ремучая змея - rattler;
    снижать цены - to reduce prices;  
    снижать зарплату - to reduce wages; 
    укоротить юбку  - to reduce the length of a skirt; 
    уменьшить влияние - to reduce one’s fluence; 
    довести до крайности - to reduce to extreme;
     довести до нищеты - to reduce to begging; 
    довести до минимума - to reduce to a minimum; 
    довести до абсурда - to reduce to an absurdity; 
    сократить военные расходы - to reduce military expenditure; 
    сбавить скорость - to reduce speed,
      понижать температуру  - to reduce temperature.


    Exercise 11
    Translate the following sentences into English using the essential vocabulary:

    а) 1. Close the window, please, the noise annoys me. 
    2. The water was so could that Tom started to chatter with cold. 
    3. In the silence of the wood the chatter of the birds was heard. 
    4. Cheerless thoughts kept his awake all the night. 
    5. He carried youthful optimism and cheerful faith in people through his life.
    6. A young unknown musician, who took part in an international Tchaikovsky Competition, became a great pianist later on. 
    7. The fish, finally, emerged on the surface of the water. The old man was astonished by its size. 
    8.He emerged in town when he was lest expected. 
    9. The lawyer went at the witness, asking him endless questions, so that eventually the witness began to contradict himself. 
    10. Mr. Walter went along the bank. Everything was calm. 
    11. "I know that you have lied to me now, but I'm not going to be annoyed with you, I am sure you tell me everything by yours elf," - said Gerald wearily.

    b) 1. I hinted that some money were due to him, but to my surprise, my words have did not got him. 
    2. They gave Dally a broad hint that they were no longer in need of her services, but she continued to come every day. 
    3. The windows rattled in the wind. 
    4. I do not understand why you reduce my words to absurdity. 
    5. Long illness of Mrs. Heartwood’s husband and lack of job have reduced Mrs. Heartwood to abject poverty. 
    6. You should reduce the speed. We have driven into town. 
    7. Colonel was reduced to the ranks for the fact that he rendered up the town.
    Exercise12
    Familiarity breeds contempt . Близкое знакомство чревато взаимной потерей уважения, чем больше знаеш, тем меньше цениш.
    Experience is the best knowledge. Опыт - лучшее знание.
    Who chatters to you will chatter of you.  Тот, кто сплетничает с вами, будет сплетничать и о вас.

    вторник, 31 мая 2011 г.

    The Difference between the United Kingdom, Great Britain and England Explained


    Scotland Climate
    Scotland Climate is very moderate. It changes every now and then throughout the year. As Scotland is surrounded by plenty of mountains, the country experiences a cool breeze all the time. The eastern part of the country lies under the rain shadow area and Scotland's western highland faces the maximum rainfall.

    Climate of Scotland

    The Scotland climate is basically windy and chilly. The east coast of Scotland is much cooler than that of the west coast. Tourists mostly visit the castles and the museums in the spring and autumn season. Whether it is summer or winter, one must always carry warm clothes for visiting Scotland.

    Rainfall in Scotland

    Heavy rainfall is experienced by Scotland, measuring more than three thousand millimeters in a year. The Western Highland experiences the maximum amount of rainfall. Scotland experiences near about 0.2 millimeter of rainfall at an interval of two hundred and fifty days in a year. The rainfall in Scotland is often accompanied by snow.

    Weather in Scotland

    The weather of Scotland is temperate and cloudy. The coldest months in Scotland are January and February. The winter temperature ranges from five to seven degree Celsius and in summer it records about nineteen degree Celsius. The month of July and August are the warmest months in summer. The Scottish Highlands and the northern part of the latitude are the coldest places. These places have short days in winter and long evenings in summer.

    понедельник, 30 мая 2011 г.

     Internet to our life 
    The internet is an area which developed along with the technology. Since the internet can make lots of our day to day stuff much easier, we use the internet for most of our day to day activities. These activities can be varying from domestic to commercial purposes with different capacities.
    However, we can use the internet for both good and bad activities. When it comes to good side of the internet, we can see lots of corporate personals can stay in touch with their local and international clients thanks to the internet. Furthermore, they can provide services and sell products to the global market rather going for local market. This makes them a very good demand in the respective industry, and they can always products with competition.
    Furthermore, the internet provides a great support to the researchers and the students who want to grab information. Since the internet helps people to share the knowledge, we can use the internet to grab this required knowledge for our own personal usage. In addition, it makes our life much easier as we can easily gather additional information about any subject; we want to expand our experience or knowledge. Therefore, we can see there are lots of knowledge bases are available in the internet and these knowledge bases have a large number of subscribers from all over the world.
    When it comes to the unpleasant side of the internet, people use it for various illegal activities. As an example, people use the resources available in the internet to obtain third party information and personal details. Furthermore, it makes these people uncomfortable with their online payments, banking and other activities. Because of this situation, the online marketing and business personals use various security precautions to avoid this third party information thieves.
    Moreover, people use the internet to distribute third party software, which can harm your personal computer and documentation. Because of these third party vulnerabilities, some people still do have a fear to connect their own personal computer to the internet due to computer viruses. However, currently we can see lots of powerful antivirus software, which can eliminate such violent activities. Therefore, now we don't have to be worried about these third party network security threats if we have a well powered antivirus program.
    Finally, at a glance the internet is one essential invention made by the human, and we need to use it wisely to get the best benefit from it.